Introduction Jürgen Habermas is one of the most influential contemporary political and social philosophers, best known for his theory of communicative action and his normative defense of deliberative democracy. Emerging from the tradition of the Frankfurt School of critical theory, Habermas sought to rescue reason and democracy from both authoritarian domination and postmodern skepticism. His…

Introduction Jacques Derrida was one of the most influential and provocative philosophers of the twentieth century, best known for developing the concept of deconstruction, which fundamentally challenged traditional assumptions about language, meaning, and philosophical authority. Writing within the tradition of continental philosophy, Derrida questioned the stability of concepts such as truth, presence, and identity that…

Introduction Samuel P. Huntington was a prominent twentieth-century political theorist whose political thought focused on the dynamics of power, political order, civil–military relations, and global conflict in a rapidly changing world. Writing in the context of the Cold War and the post–Cold War international system, Huntington challenged liberal assumptions that modernization and democracy would naturally…

introduction Karl Popper was one of the most influential philosophers of the twentieth century, whose political thought is best known for its strong defense of liberal democracy, critical rationalism, and the concept of the open society. Writing against the backdrop of totalitarianism, fascism, and authoritarian ideologies, Popper rejected historicism and deterministic theories that claimed to…

introduction Amartya Sen’s political thought represents a major shift in contemporary political and moral philosophy by re-examining the meaning of justice, freedom, and development from a human-centred perspective. Reacting to both utilitarian welfare economics and abstract theories of justice such as those of John Rawls, Sen argues that justice should be evaluated not merely through…

introduction Robert Nozick’s political thought occupies a central place in contemporary political philosophy as a powerful libertarian response to egalitarian and redistributive theories of justice, particularly those advanced by John Rawls. Writing in the context of twentieth-century debates on the role of the state, individual liberty, and distributive justice, Nozick sought to defend the moral…

Introduction John Rawls is one of the most influential political philosophers of the twentieth century, best known for reshaping modern liberal political thought through a rigorous moral framework for justice. His political thought emerged as a response to both utilitarianism, which prioritizes aggregate welfare, and moral relativism, which he believed failed to provide stable principles…

Introduction: In international relations, a non-polar world refers to a global system in which power is not concentrated in one, two, or a few dominant states, but is instead widely diffused among a variety of actors. Unlike unipolar, bipolar, or multipolar systems, a non-polar world is characterized by the absence of clear power centers and…

Introduction: In international relations, a unipolar world refers to a global power structure in which a single state possesses predominant military, economic, political, and ideological influence, enabling it to shape international outcomes with minimal resistance from other states. Unlike bipolar or multipolar systems, unipolarity is characterized by the absence of rival powers capable of balancing…

Introduction: National security refers to the protection of a nation’s sovereignty, territorial integrity, institutions, and people from internal and external threats. It encompasses a broad range of measures taken by the state to safeguard political stability, economic interests, social harmony, and strategic assets. Traditionally associated with military defense against foreign aggression, national security today also…