Introduction Geography has played a decisive role in shaping India’s foreign policy by influencing its security priorities, economic interests, and regional interactions. Surrounded by the Himalayas in the north and the Indian Ocean to the south, India’s strategic position has made it both a continental and maritime power. Its borders with Pakistan and China have…

Here is a list of writings that puts a spotlight on humanity. Can men be evil than evil itself. Uday Saddam Hussain: He does not like the smell of sweat. Here is a excerpt from Times One summer day Uday stopped the butler and said, “What the hell is that smell?” Uday ordered five falaqa…

Introduction The arms race refers to the competitive buildup of weapons and military capabilities between two or more nations, each seeking to gain or maintain superiority over the other. It often arises from mutual distrust, fear of vulnerability, and the desire for strategic advantage. Historically, the arms race between the United States and the Soviet…

introduction Will Kymlicka’s political thought is best known for its focus on multiculturalism, minority rights, and the relationship between liberal democracy and cultural diversity. Kymlicka, a Canadian political philosopher, has been a leading voice in contemporary debates about how liberal states should respond to the claims of ethnic, cultural, and national minorities. His work argues…

Introduction Friedrich von Hayek’s political thought centers on the defense of individual liberty, spontaneous order, and the dangers of centralized planning. His work remains foundational to modern classical liberalism and critiques of collectivist ideologies. Friedrich August von Hayek, a towering figure in 20th-century political philosophy and economics, championed liberal democracy and free-market capitalism as bulwarks…

Introduction: India’s foreign policy is profoundly shaped by its rich and tumultuous history, which serves as both a repository of lessons and a blueprint for strategic autonomy. From the ancient era of expansive empires like the Mauryas and Guptas that fostered cultural diplomacy and trade across Asia, to the medieval interactions with Central Asian powers…

References Tripura University Notes

Introduction Sir Isaiah Berlin (1909–1997) was a Russian‑British historian of ideas and political theorist whose lucid essays revived Anglophone political philosophy and anchored modern liberal thought in a distinctive defense of freedom and value pluralism. Best known for the essay “Two Concepts of Liberty,” he drew a seminal distinction between negative liberty—freedom from coercion—and positive…

PPT Download Introduction Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973) is the landmark Supreme Court case that crystallized the basic structure doctrine, holding that while Parliament’s power to amend the Constitution under Article 368 is vast, it cannot alter or destroy its fundamental framework. The petition, brought by the head of the Edneer Mutt challenging…

PPT Download Introduction The Golaknath case, formally I.C. Golaknath and Ors. v. State of Punjab (1967), is a landmark Supreme Court decision that held Parliament could not amend or abridge Fundamental Rights under Part III by using its amending power, treating constitutional amendments as “law” subject to Article 13 and thus void if they curtailed…