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Introduction Ancient Indian administration, The Vedic Period The Post- Vedic Period, Administrative Structures Objectives: This unit will deal with the evolution of Indian Administration from ancient period till the modern period. It will also discuss Vedic Period , Post- Vedic Period and Administrative Structures Introduction : Every civilized society needs a good administrative system, and…

Introduction The historical approach to political theory focuses on understanding political ideas, institutions, and practices within their specific historical contexts. It studies how political thought has evolved over time and how historical events, social structures, and cultural norms influenced political theories. Brief History Ancient and Medieval Roots Renaissance and Early Modern Period 18th–19th Century: Rise…

Introduction to the Mahabharata The Mahabharata is one of the two great epics of ancient India, traditionally attributed to the sage Vyasa. Composed in Sanskrit, it is the longest epic poem in the world, consisting of over 100,000 verses across 18 parvas (books). More than just a tale of war, the Mahabharata is a vast…

Ramayana: Alakshata mattu Adyatmika drustikona The subaltern perspective of the Ramayana examines the epic from the viewpoints of marginalized or oppressed groups—such as lower castes, women, tribal communities, and other silenced voices—who are often excluded from dominant Brahmanical and patriarchal narratives. This approach challenges the mainstream interpretations of the Ramayana and highlights alternative traditions that…

Subimal Dutt – With Nehru in Foreign Office

The concept of “Ramarajya” in the Valmiki Ramayana refers to an ideal state or kingdom characterized by perfect governance, justice, prosperity, and moral righteousness, as exemplified by Lord Rama’s rule after his return to Ayodhya. It is often depicted as a utopian society where dharma (righteousness) prevails, and the welfare of the people is the…

The Valmiki Ramayana is one of the two great Sanskrit epics of ancient India, the other being the Mahabharata. It is traditionally attributed to the sage Valmiki and is regarded as the first poetic composition (Adi Kavya) in Sanskrit literature. The epic narrates the life, struggles, and triumphs of Lord Rama, the prince of Ayodhya,…

Religion and culture have always played significant roles in shaping world politics, influencing international relations, governance, and societal norms. While globalization and modernization have led to increased secularization in some parts of the world, religion and culture remain powerful forces that impact political ideologies, conflicts, alliances, and global discourse. Understanding their role is essential for…

Introduction Refugees are individuals who flee their countries due to conflict, persecution, violence, or natural disasters. They seek safety and stability in foreign lands, often facing numerous challenges, including legal barriers, discrimination, and economic hardships. The global refugee crisis has become one of the most pressing humanitarian issues of our time, necessitating international cooperation and…

International terrorism is a grave global issue that threatens the security, stability, and prosperity of nations worldwide. It involves the use of violence, fear, or intimidation by non-state actors to achieve political, ideological, or religious goals. Unlike domestic terrorism, international terrorism operates across borders, with terrorist groups often having transnational networks that facilitate recruitment, financing,…