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Introduction A bipolar world order in international relations refers to a global system dominated by two major powers or blocs, often characterized by ideological, political, and military rivalry. This structure was most prominently seen during the Cold War (1947–1991), when the United States and the Soviet Union emerged as the two superpowers, leading opposing alliances—the…

Traditional Perspective The traditional concept of security primarily focuses on the protection of a state’s sovereignty, territorial integrity, and the safety of its citizens from external threats and aggression. Rooted in the realist school of thought, this approach views security largely through the lens of military power, national defense, and the ability to deter or…

introduction In international relations, national interest refers to the goals, objectives, and priorities that a country seeks to pursue and protect in the international arena. It is essentially the strategic objectives that guide a nation’s foreign policy and diplomatic actions, based on its own perceived security, economic, political, and cultural needs. National interest is often…

India’s climate change policy Commitment to Global Goals: Renewable Energy Transition: Energy Efficiency: Afforestation and Biodiversity: Sustainable Transport: Climate Adaptation: International Cooperation: Domestic Policies and Targets: Focus on Equity and Justice: Public Awareness and Participation: India’s approach balances economic growth with climate action, emphasizing sustainable development and global cooperation. Kyto Protocol and India What is…

Introduction: Nuclear weapons have profoundly shaped the dynamics of international relations since their advent in 1945. As the most destructive instruments of warfare ever created, they have not only redefined the nature of military power but also introduced a paradigm of deterrence that has influenced global politics for decades. The possession of nuclear arsenals by…

Inteoductiin: Good governance in India is a cornerstone for sustainable development, social equity, and economic growth. It encompasses transparency, accountability, rule of law, and inclusive participation, ensuring that the needs and aspirations of all citizens are addressed. Since independence, India has made significant strides in building democratic institutions, promoting decentralization through Panchayati Raj, and implementing…

Introduction:Sakala is a comprehensive and transformative initiative aimed at ensuring the timely delivery of government services to citizens in the Indian state of Karnataka. Launched in 2012 under the Karnataka Guarantee of Services to Citizens Act, Sakala, which translates to “time-bound” in Kannada, guarantees the provision of various public services within a stipulated timeframe. This…

Introduction Since 1990, India’s foreign economic policy has undergone a significant transformation, shaped by the liberalization and globalization reforms initiated in 1991. The economic crisis of 1991 served as a turning point, prompting India to shift from a protectionist approach to an outward-looking strategy aimed at integrating with the global economy. This period witnessed the…

Introduction The Right to Education in India is a fundamental right enshrined under Article 21A of the Constitution, ensuring free and compulsory education for children between the ages of 6 and 14 years. This landmark provision was introduced through the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002, reflecting India’s commitment to universal education as a means of…

introduction Non-state actors in international relations refer to entities that operate across national borders and influence global politics and decision-making, but are not formally tied to any specific government. These actors include international organizations (e.g., the United Nations), non-governmental organizations (NGOs), multinational corporations, advocacy networks, terrorist groups, and even influential individuals. Unlike state actors, which…